SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{1247,

title = {1247. Designing an Electromagnetic Levitation System for High Speed Ground Transportation Vehicles},

author = {P M W Nave},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1247},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {7},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {The overriding design goals for electromagnetic levitation and guidance systems for high speed vehicles are: minimum weight of the magnets and their power supplies; minimum cross section of the steel armature rails on the track. 

The properties of a magnetic circuit such as force, power, eddy currents etc. and their effects on a magnetic levitation system are surveyed. It is shown how they contribute to the weight of the system. To minimize that a computer algorithm was devised which, for a preselected magnet shape, determines the dimensioning parameters of the maglev system by an iterative procedure. Some of the relationships between the physical parameters involved are mathematically exact, some are approximations based on experience and experiments. Six magnets of different sizes have been calculated and built. Their performance agreed well with the predictions.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation, 32. Product of Inertia Measurement},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1255,

title = {1255. Road Stress Resistance and Lightweight Construction of Automobile Road Wheels},

author = {A Dr. Wimmer},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1255},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {20},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {At present the world automotive industry is undergoing a unique process of change. The need to save energy and protect the environment requires a reduction in fuel consumption. In the USA legislation has gone as far as requiring the average fuel consumption of all the vehicles sold by a company t o be reduced to 11.8 liters per 100 km by 1980 and to 8.5 liters per 100 km by 1985. These targets can best be achieved by building light. 

As a rough approximation, a weight saving of 100 kg ill reduce fuel consumption by about 1.1 liters per 100 km on urban roads and about 0.5 liters per 140 km on the highway. 

Audi vehicles already have a reputation for light weight construction but we have set out to achieve further considerable weight savings without reducing the dimensions of the vehicle and without affecting durability and passive safety. 

The planned weight savings must be realized within a fixed cost allocation, whereby the additional costs incurred by weight saving measures must be set off by the average saving that the customer will make as a result of lower fuel costs. 

Taking the example of road wheel design, the following analysis is intended to show how minimum weight can be achieved without exceeding certain cost targets.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation, 32. Product of Inertia Measurement},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1256,

title = {1256. Compatibility in Car-To-Car Frontal Collisions},

author = {R Wagner},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1256},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {This paper will show a simple test procedure in which any desired car-to-car frontal collision can be replaced by a car-to-barrier collision. The test parameters can be defined on the basis of readily available car specifications, i.e. the car mass and the deformation of the frontal structure in a 30 mph fixed-barrier crash. 

The test procedure is confirmed by the results of a real car-to-car crash and a car-to-barrier crash. A market analysis will supply the frequency distribution of the car masses and the dynamic crush of their frontal structures in the field. If the thus provided data are applied to the test procedure, a crash test procedure permitting the introduction of passive safety features specifically adapted to the automotive conditions in a given market will be obtained.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation, 32. Product of Inertia Measurement},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1257,

title = {1257. Todays Challenge in Rail Transit},

author = {D M Hooker and J M Cord},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1257},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {9},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {In today's environment of inflation, rising fuel costs, and emerging governmental energy policies, the ability of rail transit for new or proposed city systems to provide the most efficient and economical passenger service is being questioned. 

To meet this challenge, the factors that significantly contribute to the costs of procurement, energy, operation, and maintenance must be identified and addressed. 

This paper compares modal energy relationships and system costs that relate to the current state of the art in rail vehicle design, and suggests possible trends for the future that respond to the needs of cost reduction. 

It concludes that to be successful every aspect of the system requires close attention to the objective. Property specifications, industrial design, and vehicle detail design each has to address procurement, operating, and maintenance costs in order to derive maximum reduction of life-cycle costs.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation, 32. Product of Inertia Measurement},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1179,

title = {1179. Estimating Car Structural Weight When Materials Are Changed},

author = {D C Chang and J W Justusson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1179},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-05-01},

booktitle = {36th Annual Conference, San Diego, California, May 9-12},

pages = {30},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {San Diego, California},

abstract = {A simplified technique developed for estimating the weight of car structural components when materials are directly substituted to reduce the weight. By this technique, the change in weight is explicitly related to the corresponding changes in structural characteristics, when a specific mild steel structural component ' replaced' by one differing only in material and gage. The structural characteristics for particular components are systematically related to representative structural design criteria and design constraints for a production vehicle. 

By means of this simplified method, material trade-offs cab be directly evaluated by engineers and designers early in the design stage. Examples are given for aluminum and high-strength steel as candidate substitutes for mild steel.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1140,

title = {1140. Aspects of Occupant Safety and Comfort in Weight Conscious Passenger Car},

author = {A Bauer and H Schimkat},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1140},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-05-01},

booktitle = {35th Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 24-26},

pages = {38},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},

abstract = {As a result of the unique role of the motor vehicle in today's traffic and as a means of individual transportation, the US have a motor-vehicle population density of 1 : 1.6. The total number of vehicles Uo.nS . roads is roughly 136 million. 

It should not be overlooked, though, that the total number of accidents on U .S. roads in 1974 was in the neighborhood of 15.6 million, involving 46,000 fatalities and 1.8 million injuries. 

The ensuing societal damage is estimated at 7 billion. Of these, $ 51.1 billion are attributed to personal injuries (see Accident, Facts, 1975 Edition, and National Safety Council). 

In view of these facts the following goals should be aimed at by motorists and. rulemakers : 

- To avoid traffic accidents and to minimize the extent; of consequential damages. These efforts include the development of active and. Passive safety measures. 

- To design the most comfortable vehicles possible. 

- To employ useful light-weight design principles to minimize motor-vehicle cost despite safety standard compliance and maximum possible occupant comfort. 

This paper is a detailed description of these tasks to be carried out by a motor-vehicle manufacturer. 

A rough outline is given of the different development stages for a new passenger car. The development trends will be shown for the use of different materials in motor vehicle construction. Computer and experimental methods and processes are described that are used to determine the stresses on the individual components of design elements. The occupant seat is used as an example of possible passenger seat improvements achieved by light-weight design. 

The safety vehicles developed by VW, i.e. the ESVW I and II are used as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of using lightweight design elements in the development of extremely safe and comfortable vehicles at low cost.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1141,

title = {1141. Progress in the Development of Aluminum Rail Vehicles},

author = {H Hassel},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1141},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-05-01},

booktitle = {35th Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 24-26},

pages = {23},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},

abstract = {After a brief outline of the historical background of aluminum light-weight construction throughout the world particular consideration will be given to achievements with aluminum railway vehicles in Western Germany. Then a detailed report will be presented on the methods used to overcome the difficulties encountered in the use of aluminum. 

The goal of light-weight construction will be defined with request to different applications. The question of why the use aluminum is obligatory will be considered by a presentation of the advantages and disadvantages inherent in aluminum, and a comparison of aluminum and steel body construction with regard to weight. 

The latest stage of development will be shown on the vehicles now in use on the underground ('U-Bahn') and suburban service ('S-Bahn') as well as on the prototype of a new commuter car for DB (German Federal Railways). 

The search for further possibilities of weight-savings and more economic production of lightweight rolling stock must be aligned to the technical and operational requirements prevailing in future rail transportation. 

The limits of aluminum light-weight construction especially from the economic point of view and the possibilities of extending them will be dealt with.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1142,

title = {1142. Cabintaxi: Urban Transport of the Future},

author = {J E Anderson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1142},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-05-01},

booktitle = {35th Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 24-26},

pages = {30},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},

abstract = {The objective of this paper is to describe the Cabintaxi automated guideway transit system, a new type of system for the movement of people and goods within urban areas, and to indicate its economic and performance characteristics. The approach taken is to consider a series of seventeen trade-off factors, and to indicate why a particular design decision was made in each case. The result of such a process of system analysis has in the case of Cabintaxi, produced a system of outstanding characteristics able to perform its intended function with minimum weight, cost, energy, noise and land use, maximum safety and reliability, and with service characteristics far superior to conventional approaches. The system is to be operational in Germany by 1979.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1143,

title = {1143. Charger XL - A Lightweight Materials Development Vehicle},

author = {D G Adams},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1143},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-05-01},

booktitle = {35th Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 24-26},

pages = {13},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},

abstract = {Vehicle weight reduction is a prime factor for improved fuel economy. The obvious method of achieving substantial vehicle weight reduction is size reduction. This approach is actively being pursued by the domestic automotive industry. The domestic small car market has grown from 15% to 26% in the past five years. The trends for the future indicate a continued improved market share for small cars, but there are concerns that a saturation point will be achieved. This concern is based on the continued expressed desire of the public for a six passenger, family size vehicle. How can substantial reductions in vehicle weight at reasonable cost be made in larger as well as smaller size vehicles? That is the subject of this paper and the purpose for the construction of the developmental vehicle, Charger XL. 

Substantial development programs in the steel, aluminum, and plastic industries have resulted in new high strength-to-weight ratio materials that can be incorporated into the design and manufacturing practices of the automotive industry. To fully obtain the weight savings potential of these new materials, their application to automobiles must be economically feasible. To ascertain economic feasibility requires that vehicle cost and weight interactions be understood, and to understand cost and weight interactions, it is necessary to first understand interactions between total vehicle weight and component weight. In a previous work (1)* the concept of vehicle interacting weight reduction was developed and presented from a theoretical standpoint. This concept will be reviewed in the current work, and extended to include an experimental application of the theory: Charger XL. 

The substantial development efforts made by the steel and aluminum industries have resulted in high strength-to-weight ratio materials that can be employed to achieve significant vehicle weight reduction. This total vehicle weight reduction is the sum of the initial weight savings attributable to lightweight material substitution and the iterative weight savings resulting from component weight interactions. The theoretical concept of vehicle interactive weight reduction was presented in a previous work. 

The present work reviews this theoretical concept and presents an experimental application: Charger XL, a lightweight materials development vehicle. Charger XL is 630 lb. (286 kg) lighter than its current, standard production counterpart. Lightweight materials substitution accounts for 375 lb (171 kg) while the interacting savings accounts for the remaining 255 lb (1 15 kg). In addition to a review of the theoretical weight reduction analysis, the current work includes a review of Charger XL materials, the details of the resulting weight savings, and a discussion of potential energy savings.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1059,

title = {1059. Weight and Performance Characteristics of Magnetically Suspended High-Speed Trains as Compared to Aircraft},

author = {W Herbst},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1059},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-05-01},

booktitle = {34th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington, May 5-7},

pages = {22},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {MBB is developing in co-operation with Krauss-Maffei a surface transportation system which is designed to cruise at 

speeds up to 300 mph. The system is using magnetic forces generated by electrical power for lift and cruise propulsion. 

There is an analogy to aircraft which are using aerodynamic forces to maintain motion through air. The paper compares 

the basic performance characteristics of magnetic and aerodynamic forces relevant for the motion of aircraft and 

magnetically suspended high-speed vehicles. As a result weight sensitivities are derived for both types of craft. 

Such weight sensitivities are used as a basis for a comparison of basic economic characteristics.},

keywords = {31. Weight Engineering - Surface Transportation, 32. Product of Inertia Measurement},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}