SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{0666,

title = {666. The Importance of Weights in Small Craft Design and Construction},

author = {T E Colvin},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0666},

year  = {1968},

date = {1968-05-01},

booktitle = {27th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 13-16},

pages = {8},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},

abstract = {The use of weights in small craft is a tool in a field that is still largely an art rather than a science. Weights have been known and used in the design and in the construction of vessels since the beginning of construction. Because of the physical size of the business enterprises, the weights must do more than merely determine centers of gravity and overall weight. They must and should beused as a means of determining cost and as a means of interpolating and extrapolating in preliminary design.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0669,

title = {669. Life Cycle Economic Considerations for Weight Changes to Naval Ships},

author = {T E Holdridge and P M Sias and R G Moore and R C Snyder},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0669},

year  = {1968},

date = {1968-05-01},

booktitle = {27th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 13-16},

pages = {38},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},

abstract = {One major factor that must be considered during ship system life cycle analysis is thettribute of weight changes. This weight factor includes, by definition, the additional consideration for th eeffects on volume. 

The quantification of weight changes for commercial merchant ship design is logically correlated to revenue earning payload. With due respect to the problem of trade route forecasting, the identjty of revenue factors for our commercial endeavors are by necessity far more finibe than those available for use in analyzing our military systems. (References (1) through (5)). In fact, there are those who question the place for economic considerations in the design selections of military systems. 

This paper is predicated on the basis that a resource tree with an unlimited output does not exist and the selections made for final military ship systems design must include economic considerations. The immediate goal of thi spaper is to stimulate additional thought in regards to methods and procedures that should be used in economically appraising the effects of weight changes to Naval ship systems. Review and discussion are encouraged with the sincere hope tha tthis will create improved techniques whereby the true value of weight changes for the anticipated life cycle of ship's systems can be realistically evaluated.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0670,

title = {670. Determination of Weight, Volume, and Construction for Tankers and Dry Cargo Ships},

author = {R P Johnson and H P Rumble},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0670},

year  = {1968},

date = {1968-05-01},

booktitle = {27th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 13-16},

pages = {163},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},

abstract = {This paper presents a method, working charts, and substantiating data for obtaining selected design characteristics, component weights, functional volumes, and cost of construction of dry cargo ships and tankers. The method is substantially less time-consuming than the usual detailed ship design approachand is suitable for computer studies ofselected cases such as may be necessary in trade-off analyses. RAND Memorandum RM-3318-PR** dealt with these types of ships on a simplified basis, using the Maritime Administration's weight and cost grouping system. This paper usesthe Navy weight and cost grouping system, and the data base has been expanded in quantity and detail of information. To develop the method and thedata, details ofcomponent weights and costs of a numberof ships were obtained from various sources. Distribution of volumes by functions were calculated from such information as boolets of plans and Bonjean's curves. All of these data were analyzed and plotted in parametric form. Since the Navy system of grouping weights and costs was selected as the basis for all analyses, the data were reclassified from the familiar Maritime Administration 180-item weight system to the Navy 140-item weight system. The generally accessible weight information is usually published in the 3-component Marad or 7-component Navy system. Working charts showing the relationships of component weights, volume, material cost and man hours for the respective Navy weight and cost groups are presented in the body of the report. Substantiating data for these working sheets are presented in the appendixes ,which show the datapoints for the ship cases analyzed, and the rationale for determining the parametric relationships. The method presented in this paperis not intended to supplant the lengthyand more accurate methods employed by ship designers in preparation of designs or bids, but rather to provide a tool of first-order accuracy that will give quick solutions to those who must make dozens or even hundreds of ship design cases in the course of preparing a study. The method is useful to ananalysis of the effect on overall ship design of changing any, or several, parameter(s),e.g., propulsion type, hence weight ands peed, for a given value of power. It is 'also useful to the system analyst to whom the ship characteristics and cost are but one of many essential inputs.},

note = {L. R. 'Mike' Hackney Award},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine, Mike Hackney Best Paper Award},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0673,

title = {673. Proposed Weight Control Program for Navy Ships},

author = {R G Ford},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0673},

year  = {1968},

date = {1968-05-01},

booktitle = {27th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 13-16},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},

abstract = {Current weight control programs appear to have one basic failure in that they tend to report weight rather than control it. This is true today despite specification requirements in current Navy contracts making the contractor responsible for delivering the completed ship within specified limits of weight and KG. Contractors are reluctant to spend money for weight control program unless it appears that the agreed upon limits will be xceeded. By the time weight reports have established this trend, the ship is well along in the construction stage and corrections are costly and often cause delays in delivery. 

This paper proposes a weightc ontrol program based on continual updating of the design weight estimate using information provided by the engineers and designers as they develop the detail design. Proposed changes from contract guidance plan concepts can be quickly estimated and their effect on weight and KG established prior to any appreciable work on the part of the contractor. Weight estimates fore lectrical, piping and ventilation systems would be based on diagrammatic plans prepared by the engineering sections. Comparison with the Accepted Weight Estimate would establish adverse trends prior to the preparation of working plans and the ordering of material. By having this type of knowledge available early in the design stage, the weight engineers together with the design engineers can effect true weight control.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0600,

title = {600. Weight Control Program Involving Overhauls and Conversions of Naval Vessels},

author = {C P Kalafarski},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0600},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Major overhauls and conversions of United States Naval vessels, currently being undertaken and others in the planning stage, will confront weight engineers with a variety of problems. Most apparent of these will be that of meeting the weight control requirements, now included in contracts and specifications in the design, overhaul and conversion phases. Por most of us, it will make it necessary to revise and improve our ship weight control programs. In order to accomplish that objective, it Is the goal of this paper to present and discuss a timely and effective program for design and shipyard activities to consider. 

Experience has shown that weight control procedures, used for new construction of ships, are not directly extendable to an overhaul or conversion program. There is an apparent need for weight studies to be accomplished by the design or overhauling activity, sufficiently In advance of the start of the overhaul, to permit Its orderly review and assessment. Maximum use is to be made of existing design studies for similar tasks already completed or made available from other yards. The importance of assigning experienced personnel for a more accurate inventory and assessment of the ship, throughout the overhaul or conversion period, cannot be overemphasized. Among the subjects discussed are: 

1) The events leading to the present control requirements 

2) General approach to weight control 

3) Design agent's weight estimate 

4) Weights on working plans 

5) Where the emphasis of weight control is to be applied 

6) The degree of material and component weighing 

7) Special weight problems 

8) Communication 

9) Report generation 

It may be concluded that the weight engineer's struggle to influence others of the importance of weight control continues. Assistance is still needed to accomplish the mutual objective of delivering a most satisfactory ship that meets requirements and has the potential for future improvements.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0601,

title = {601. The Responsibilities of the Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion and Repair, U.S.N., Newport News, Virginia, for the US N},

author = {C F Smith},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0601},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Many newly constructed, converted or overhauled ships have exceeded design limitations of displacement, KG, stability, trim and list. Therefore, the Navy has developed a weight control program for U.S. Naval ships. 

This paper describes the implementation of the Supervisor's policy of preventing, unacceptable weight and/or moment growth of ships, and responsibilities therein, under cognizance of this office.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0602,

title = {602. Use of Weight Control and Total Life Cycle Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Merchant Ship Design},

author = {T E Holdridge and P M Sias},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0602},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {35},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Weight control and total life cycle cost-effectiveness should become basic considerations for future merchant ship design, construction and operation. These considerations, if properly applied, could improve overall performance, increase stability, and provide more potential dollar return for initial investments. 

The evaluation of these elements should commence in the original concept phases and continue throughout the detail design and construction periods. To achieve the greatest benefits, new design concepts must be considered on a total expected life cycle basis taking into consideration tradeoffs between initial costs and in-service performance. 

The above program is considered a mandatory prerequisite to improving the position of the United States Merchant Marine in providing systems and ships that will perform at competitive rates. Further, these techniques are basic tools that must be applied if the total system concept to develop prototype commercial maritime transportation systems such as proposed in reference (1) is to be successful.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0604,

title = {604. Weight Control for Commercial Ship Design and Construction},

author = {L P Adair},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0604},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {17},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Naval architects and shipbuilders consider weight estimation as one of the most important design considerations in the preparation of the design and construction of a ship. The naval architect generally proceeds through three steps in the design of a ship with a weight estimate prepared during each phase. The completeness of the weight estimate increases during the design process from an estimate based on experience and/or established factors to an estimate based on plans and specifications. From this point on the shipbuilder carries on the weight estimate in much greater detail. The weight estimate is a tool for the designer and builder and is of no interest to the prospective ship owner except as it influences future revenues of the vessel. The method of weight estimation is uniform throughout the world with greater emphasis being placed on it if Government assistance is required for construction funds. Due to the fact that ship designing and construction would be pure guesswork without a weight estimate, it is mandatory that well-trained and qualified engineers and technicians participate in this facet of the shipbuilding program.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0605,

title = {605. How Much Weight Control of Aircraft Carriers?},

author = {B M Lake},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0605},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Weight control of an aircraft carrier for the shipbuilder begins with the Preliminary Design Weight Estimate and may possibly end with the acceptance of this estimate. However, if sufficient margins have not been provided to compensate for the weight and moment increases which may occur during design and construction, the shipbuilder may be confronted with the impossible task of delivering the ship within the accepted weight and KG* limits. Unpredicted KG rise occurring during the inclining experiment must be recognized by the ship's owner and the builder must be permitted to compensate for this rise with vertical moment margin. 

Early in the detail design of a carrier a comparatively small amount of weight control is possible. However, by the time a definite trend appears violating the limits of the weight control contract, design and construction will have progressed to the point that only anticipated margins in the Accepted Weight Estimate will compensate for delivery of the ship within the limits. 

If the inclining experiments are to be the final determination for acceptance of the end product, improvements are needed in the state of the art.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0606,

title = {606. Application of Electronic Data Processing Techniques to Weight Control of Naval Vessels During the Detail Design and Constr},

author = {J M Storie},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0606},

year  = {1967},

date = {1967-05-01},

booktitle = {26th Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1-4},

pages = {41},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Boston, Massachusetts},

abstract = {Weight Control as applied to naval shipbuilding should accomplish exactly what the name implies; 'Control of Weight.' In many instances however, weight control procedures have been only marginally successful due to the lack of methods and manpower necessary to cope with the constantly changing effects of contract modifications, design developments, and various other complicating 

factors. 

In order to better maintain control of weight data during this critical period, quite a number of ship design and construction facilities have adopted electronic data processing techniques. Many of the 'computerized' weight control systems now in use however, are in actuality automated hand calculations and make use of the computer only as a semi-automatic printing device. This approach is often more costly than hand methods and although same time can be saved, the weight engineer may have even less control over weight data due to the extra steps involved. 

What is needed is a whole new approach to the weight control problem utilizing electronic data processing as a fundamental tool. Procedures must be established that will integrate weih1 control with other allied areas such as plan scheduling and development, material take-off, change order negotiation, and quality assurance. Programming a computer to Co the total job of weight control is practical only after the desired goals have been more concretely defined. 

This paper discusses some of those ambiguous areas (at least to a computer's way of 'thinking') encountered while writing a series at 'weight engineer oriented' programs for a small scale digital computer. A system that has been established to help integrate weight control with the rest of the design effort is described along with other suggestions for the preparation, manipulation, and extraction of the data needed for the weight engineer to indeed maintain 'control of weight'.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0463,

title = {463. Weight Engineering and Ship-Building},

author = {D J Weiler},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0463},

year  = {1964},

date = {1964-05-01},

booktitle = {23rd National Conference / Sheraton, Dallas Hotel, Southland Center, Dallas, Texas May 18-21},

pages = {18},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Dallas, Texas},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{0303,

title = {303. Some Aspects of Weight Engineering as Applied to Marine Vehicles},

author = {J W Dyer},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-0303},

year  = {1962},

date = {1962-05-01},

booktitle = {21st National Conference, Seattle, Washington, May 14-17},

pages = {13},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {This paper was presented at the Annual National Conference of the Society of Aeronautical Weight Engineers at Seattle, Washington, May 14-17, 1962. With the requirement of overall speed increase for marine vehicles, it appears that hydrofoil supported vehicles and the air cushion vehicles are the two most logical candidates to meet this requirement. Because the design of these two vehicles requires the use of principles that are well understood by the designers of aircraft, it is believed that the aircraft industry can contribute to, and hasten the development of such vehicles. This paper evaluates the importance for weight engineering and cites the recognition of the problem of weight and balance control by the U.S. Navy, Bureau of Ships as support to this theory. A suggested list of technical objectives and areas of responsibilities for weight engineers working in the marine vehicle design field is presented. Several examples of the type of weight trade studies that can be made by the weight engineer are presented. The potentials of weight reduction are demonstrated by quoting some examples from a weight reduction study made by the Advanced Marine Systems Weight Group of the Boeing Company. This paper suggests that he weight engineer can increase his effectiveness and broaden the weight engineering profession by accepting responsibilities that were formerly treated only by naval architects.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}