SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{1359,

title = {1359. Quality of Work Life: What Does It Mean to You?},

author = {E Cohen-Rosenthal},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1359},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-05-01},

booktitle = {39th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, May 12-14},

pages = {6},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {The topic of the presentation this afternoon, 'Quality of Work Live; What Does It Mean for You', provides many broad avenues for exploration. Lets try to personalize the process as much as possible. I would like you to imagine throughout this presentation what a quality work life means for you and what it can mean in your organization. Today we are at a conference listening to a variety of speakers, meeting some old friends and exchanging some new ideas on what can be done in our own situations. Yet last week, most of us were back in our companies or pases engaged in the daily duties which we were assigned. If you will indulge me, lets travel mentally back to our offices for these few minutes.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1360,

title = {1360. The Informal Communication System},

author = {H H Hoskins},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1360},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-05-01},

booktitle = {39th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, May 12-14},

pages = {4},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {In early February of this year I was asked to prepare a paper for presentation for this, your thirty-ninth annual convention. The papwears to explore Informal Communications Systems in organizatioans seen through the eyes of someone who has lived and experienced it as opposed to just having observed it. I was very flattered and accepted immediately. 

My original thoughts about an approach designed to be insightful and reflective, of my experience were that I had a great deal to say on the subject of communication. However, as the time drew near for the actual writing of the paper, it became apparent that there were underlying factors affecting communication patterns that needed to be included if indeed this paper was to be meaningful. 

In dealing with informal communcations systems it is necessary to look at the structure of the system and the factors that directly impact on the functionality of the system.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1370,

title = {1370. Role of Teleoperators in Space Structures Technology},

author = {A K Bejczy},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1370},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-05-01},

booktitle = {39th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, May 12-14},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {Generic issues related to the application of teleoperators for handling, assembly and servicing operations in space are briefly examined. The issues derive from the nature of the orbital environment and from the mechanical characteristics of orbital structures. To cope with new requirements, teleoperator technology needs advancements in the areas of mechanisms, sensors, controls and man-machine interface. The ongoing advanced teleoperator technology development work at JPL is briefly described. The work includes new types of sensors, sensor and computer aided controls, graphic displays, and generalized kinesthetic man-machine coupling. Performance experiments are briefly summarized, including a proximity sensor system application to a Space Shuttle size manipulator.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1394,

title = {1394. Modularization on Going and Projected Applications to Onshore Plant Weight Engineering},

author = {G W Arzymanow},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1394},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-05-01},

booktitle = {39th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, May 12-14},

pages = {21},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {Modularization in the process industry is a new, but rapidly developing concept. It takes advantage of established steel fabrication and assembly shops and consequently facilitates maximum labor efficiency. When the module is built, it must be transported and placed into position at its final destination on site. This paper describes the importance of accurate weight and center of gravity control and measurement when modularization is applied. Also the need is demonstrated for the weight engineer to be fully integrated into the project to enable him to make valuable input at all stages of development and construction.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1331,

title = {1331. Implementing Aircraft Structural Life Management to Reduce Structural Cost of Ownership},

author = {T D Gray and D J White},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1331},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-05-01},

booktitle = {39th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, May 12-14},

pages = {18},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {Aircraft Structural Life Management (SLM) is an integrated process of load spectra definition, life prediction, service monitoring and structural maintenance planning, which allows maximum economic utilization of structural life without compromising fleet safety. Recent Air Force and Navy programs have graphically demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of SLM programs applied after the fact to individual critical structural locations. An even greater potential exists for decreased structural cost of ownership by including SLM as a prime consideration early in the design process. 

This paper details the individual elements of SLM, such as philosophy, implementation plan, load spectra development, structural life prediction _methodology, material selection criteria, related testing, and structural monitoring. Requirements are specified for integrating the individual SLM elements into airframe design, development, qualification, and monitoring tasks. Examples are given of the implementation of structural life management principles in military aircraft systems during and after the design process. Returns on investment are presented for specific examples showing how the application of structural life management to critical structure significantly reduced structural cost of ownership.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1286,

title = {1286. Waves - An Online Weight and Value Engineering System for Data Management},

author = {J C Bryant and R L Mathieson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1286},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {65},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {Bell Helicopter Textron has developed an innovative approach to the management and recording of mass properties data. The online data management system, WAVES, has made the weight analysis and control effort more effective and more efficient. 

WAVES was developed using the Information Management System (IMS) software product of IBM to provide an effective computing tool for Engineering. The development was preceded by a comprehensive system study to determine required features and inherent inefficiencies.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1287,

title = {1287. CAD/CAM Applications Using the Computervision Design Graphics System},

author = {B H Oman and R J Velazquez},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1287},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {29},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {Industry commitment to Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing 

(CAD/CAM), in terms of allocated personnel and capital resources, has been greatly intensified during the past decade. This mass involvement by industry created a demand for computer based capability. Technology advances have resulted in a rapid growth rate of design graphic systems to support CAD/CAM implementation. An introduction to design graphics systems relative to CAD/CAM applications is presented. Emphasis is placed on the role of the design graphics system within the overall design process with specific discussions on the Computervision Design Graphics System. The Computervision Designer I11 system hardware and software capabilities are discussed in detail, as well as the current configuration and utilization at Convair. Results address design and drawing application for avionics printed circuit boards and electronic packaging and structural/mechanical applications for beams, frames, bulkheads, and mechanics.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1288,

title = {1288. Mass Properties Critique of a CAD/CAM Design System},

author = {G E Rabine},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1288},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {This paper discusses the potentially important role that Interactive Graphics plays in the analytical capabilities of the mass properties engineer. It reviews present graphics capabilities, requirements as they relate to the mass properties field, and system shortcomings. Analytical flows for both piece part and major system level analysis are presented as guidelines for manufacturers of Interactive Graphics System.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1289,

title = {1289. In-Orbit Test Requirements for Initial Large Space Structures (LSS) Demonstration Flight},

author = {W R Herling},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1289},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {16},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {NASA is planning an LSS demonstration flight in the mid 1980's. This shuttle mission combines the fabrication and assembly of an LSS satellite with the flight test of the Automated Beam Builder (ABB) - the machine used to produce the satellite's structural members. A significant part of this flight is dedicated to gathering data needed to verify structural, dynamic and thermal analytical models of the structure. The specific requirements for in-space testing resulting from these data needs, as well as the resulting test program and methodology, are the subjects of this paper. 

Three groups of tests are planned for this flight. They are: 

- Verification of both the ABB operation and the quality of beam produced 

- Determining the structural/thermal and structural/dynamic responses of the beam produced by the ABB 

- LSS assembly and handling techniques in addition to determination of the satellite's structural response to dynamic and thermal stimuli 

These tests are discussed in addition to proposed instrumentation required to sense and record the data. Test sequencing rationale is also discussed as is the impact of the test program on overall flight duration. Areas related to the flight tests requiring further development are identified.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1295,

title = {1295. Metrication and the Aerospace Industry},

author = {G Henning},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1295},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {42},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {The U.S. efforts toward conversion to the metric (SI) system of measurement are at the crossroads! Early efforts, including those of the SAWE, toward conversion have slowed, due to the immensity of the problem. This paper assesses current policies and efforts toward and against conversion as they affect the aerospace industry and the SAWE position on metrication. 

The positive efforts, along many fronts, to arrive at conversion plans, were dealt a severe blow by the October 1978 U. S. General Accounting Office (GAO) report to Congress. This extensive two-year study report is highly critical of national conversion to metric. The GAO chastised certain government departments for encouraging metric changeover. The report is examined in some detail, especially as it relates to the U.S. aerospace industry. 

Meanwhile, the aerospace industry maintains a position of 'informed readiness.' Progress is being made on the engineering standards problem. The use of hybrid designs, having both U.S. customary and metric units, has proven acceptable and will be used on many products. Metrication was not killed by the GAO report, but it certainly was wounded! A ten-year conversion timetable, often mentioned, looks unrealistic now. There is no doubt that, if U.S. metrication continues forward or not, aerospace engineers will be using dual units and standards for many years to come.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1302,

title = {1302. Manned Maneuvering Unit Assembly Support of Large Space Structures},

author = {J A Lenda and J T Josephson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1302},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {15},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {Direct crewmember involvement in the assembly, operation, and maintenance of large space structures may offer design and cost advantages over fully automated or remotely operated systems. Extra vehicular activity 

(EVA) utilizing the manned maneuvering unit (MMU) will become routine during the Shuttle era. Many space construction, checkout, and maintenance tasks might best be accomplished by a crewmember using the MMU. The maneuvering unit is a propulsive backpack which provides mobility to extend the crewmember's visual, mental, and manipulative capabilities beyond the Orbiter cabin to on-the-spot operations. The applicability of EVA to space construction tasks is discussed, Shuttle MMU design features are described, and the use of the MMU for specific large space structure tasks is illustrated. 

The advantages of EVA for the performance of some on-orbit tasks may include decreased design complexity, lower cost, and greater mission flexibility. Even the limited results from previous programs have proved the value of EVA in either planned or contingency modes. The Space Shuttle system will allow EVA to be conducted as normal orbital operation, if the application requires such tasks. 

The manned maneuvering units being developed by the NASA Johnson Space Center, and uses designs and components derived from the flight experience of the Skylab Experiment M509 test bed MMU. An untethered EVA crewmember can utilize the modular MMU to complete a wide variety of tasks within several hundred feet of the Orbiter. Full six degree-of-freedom control of the MMU is maintained by the crewmember. Work site aids such as ancillary power, lighting, and restraint systems are also provided by the MMU. 

Tasks related to the assembly or maintenance of large space structures which the MMU can support include routing-cables or lines between discontinuous points, adjustment of instruments, replacement of failed modules, inspection, and malfunction assessment and corrective action, The versatility of the crewmember/MMU combination allows many designs and procedural options to be considered to accomplish such tasks. Designers of large platforms in space should include EVA and the MMU in their complement of potential support tools.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1305,

title = {1305. The Satellite Power System Concept and Program},

author = {G M Hanley},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1305},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {The satellite power system is a bold concept that removes energy conversion from the ground and places it into geosynchronous orbit. Power is transmitted from orbit to the ground by microwave. The program objective is to put a number of large satellites (more than 50) into operation by the year 2025, each satellite providing 5 gig watts of power. Two satellites would provide more power than that required by a large metropolitan area such as Los Angeles or Chicago. 

This paper summarizes the approaches that have been considered for the satellite power system (SPS) and the current 'reference concepts' defined by NASA and the Department of Energy. The overall system's characteristics are described. The approach to satellite construction and transportation system characteristics is also described. 

Operational satellite construction cannot begin until the year 2000 because of the need to develop and verify key technologies and demonstrate on a large scale the end-to-end operation on the system, including its integration into the ground power network. The key elements of this development program are described.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1325,

title = {1325. Navy V/STOL - A Continuing Initiative},

author = {R G Perkins},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1325},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-05-01},

booktitle = {38th Annual Conference, New York, New York, May 7-9},

pages = {26},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New York, New York},

abstract = {A project overview of the Navy's V/STOL Project is presented. Discussion includes a brief review of V/STOL project history, current project philosophy, present and future V/STOL project activities and a simplified model for structuring comparisons between CTOL and V/STOL aircraft. The scope of the Sea Based Air Master Study (SBAMS) and the relationship of current V/STOL industry studies are reviewed. Some results of CTOL vs. V/STOL aircraft force level comparisons are contrasted against unit comparisons between V/STOL and CTOL aircraft to illustrate limitations of unit aircraft comparisons. Aircraft design studies supporting the SBAMS are summarized.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1216,

title = {1216. RAVES, A System for the Management of Design/Analysis Tools and Information},

author = {H H Loshigian and J N Witte},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1216},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {18},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {RAVES, Rapid Aerospace Vehicle Evaluation System, is a Grumman Aerospace Corporation computerized engineering analysis system. It embodies analyses amenable to formulation via computer programs and software to support use of the system in an interactive environment in conjunction with a data base management system. 

In concept, RAVES enables participation by all twenty-six Engineering Sections of the Product Engineering Department at the Grumman Aerospace Corporation. To date, sixteen of these Sections participate in RAVES development work. 

The number of computer programs formally brought within RAVES increases as time goes on. The system included two hundred and thirty-eight computer programs as of April, 1978. These programs can be executed individually or in particular sequence. Data interfaces have been integrated such that each program generates data in precise formats directly useable by subsequently employed computer programs. 

RAVES employs both time share and batch computing systems. Associated system software is provided by personnel from Grumman Data Systems which is the computing services company of the Grumman Corporation. Engineers from the Grumman Aerospace Corporation specify the software required. These engineers also provide all programming for the engineering computer programs (technical modules) of the system. 

Because of successes in saving both elapsed time and man hours for the completion of applicable analyses, RAVES procedures have become the accepted means for performing applicable work. RAVES development and use now receives support and endorsement from all levels of engineering personnel and management. This acceptance has been a gradual transition since 1967, based on demonstrated achievements of both RAVES and its predecessor system IDEAS, the Integrated Design Analysis System. IDEAS was also a computerized engineering analysis system, but with fewer technical disciplines involved and employing a batch computing system only (Reference 1). 

System usage and performance are constantly monitored and recorded. These records are used to create reports which permit the RAVES Project Office to resolve problems as they occur as well as to determine the success of past development tasks and plan future ones. Cost analyses, based upon these records, have been completed to establish cost savings which result from RAVES usage. These cost analyses show a rapid return on investment. 

RAVES development is continuous and is funded on an annual basis. The long term objective is t o continuously add more computerized analysis modules, in a step-by-step procedure, building toward an overall aerospace vehicle engineering system.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1219,

title = {1219. CAD Review - A Status Report},

author = {J C Mitchell},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1219},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {29},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {During the last two decades, significant achievements have been made in computing technology, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. During the 1960's, large scale computers provided engineers with tools for synthesizing and analyzing vehicles and vehicle components. Capabilities in array processing resulted in development of finite element analysis of structures which, in turn, resulted in better designs. Engineers were able to analyze more configurations and select better candidates which met performance, schedule and cost requirements. 

Computing technology in the 1960's, and early 1970's, introduced third generation large-scale computers which could handle new peripheral devices such as interactive graphics CRT's, thereby providing the designer with a real-time interface to the new computing power. Centralized computing with time-sharing systems resulted in lower cost to the user in the early 1970's. By the mid-l970's, the impact of LSI and MOS devices resulted in new powerful low-cost installations which could be located at the users site using distributed processing techniques. 

The recent advent of microprocessors, microcomputers, intelligent terminals and new graphics (vector, video, raster-scan, color) has increased the user's power by many-fold. Engineers and designers are now at the threshold of dynamic design automation changes that were only dreams o f the 1960's. The following briefing introduces some of these changes.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1227,

title = {1227. Improvements of Electro-Optical Sensors Due to Application of Modern Components},

author = {K Dr. Meyerhoff},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1227},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {In the field of Electro-Optic-Systems usually the parameter 'quality of the image' (Modulation Transfer Function or Minimum Resolvable Temperature) 'range' and 'field of view' has the highest priority. The paper analyses two typical systems, a Low-Light-Level- TV-Camera and a 'Thermal-Imaging-System', both for tanks, with respect to the key-parameter 'weight'. It is interesting to see that new image-intensifiers will improve the overall-performance of a LLLTV-system and will reduce the weight of the system. Such a new image-intensifier includes an improved photocathode, a multichannel-intensifier and a CCD-array for TV-read out. A weight-reduction of a factor 4 will be possible. In the field of 'Thermal-Imaging-Systems' we have to use today the 'Common-Nodules' to meet actual performance requirements. Hughes, AEG-Telefunken and Eltro develop a new version with an electronic-multiplexer (EMUX) for the video-signals, instead of optical-multiplexing with a 'LED-Array' in connection with a (bulky) 'Visual Collimator' and an (bulky) eye-piece-arrangement. The EMUX-idea offers an important weight reduction.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1231,

title = {1231. Can We Improve Performance? Behavioral Modification In Management},

author = {Ed Low},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1231},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {20},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {Management, like Psychology has witnessed many new concepts and approaches in recent years. Human problems in organizations have multiplied while traditional approaches to managing and dealing with people have become inadequate. Human effectiveness has gained increased attention as productivity has fallen. The inflation of prices and the diminution of the profit margin have hastened and necessitated increased participation by everyone connected with an organizational output. In order to improve overall effectiveness and productivity, behavioral science has offered a new outlook for some long-standing basic psychological principles.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1243,

title = {1243. Interactive Graphics in Preliminary Design of Air Vehicles},

author = {J L Folck},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1243},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {29},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {The role of interactive graphics and computer aided design (ICAD) in the aircraft design process is reviewed and applications to the conceptual and preliminary design phase discussed. Several computer aided design application developments with in the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory (AFFDL) are reviewed, and examples of graphic displays from several application programs presented. The functional characteristics and engineering design requirements including both hardware and software for a graphics design station are discussed in detail. The distributed processing concept consisting of a large central processor and satellite minicomputers is presented as the most practical approach to future ICAD developments.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1244,

title = {1244. Weight Risk Analysis},

author = {G R Williams},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1244},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {30},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {Weight Risk Analysis can be defined as the determination of the degree of risk involved in achieving a given weight for a vehicle. This paper presents an approach to Weight Risk Analysis that is practical to apply, using a mathematically correct procedure to determine total vehicle risks from engineering judgments made on a more elemental level. 

Weight Risk Analysis can be important in several aspects of management decision making: For example 

1) Understanding of weight risks can be instrumental in management decisions regarding chances for a successfully performing product 

- What weight can we guarantee? 

- How do weight risks influence performance we can guarantee? 

- Are weight risks such that we are likely to have an unsellable product after it is built and in service? 

2) Understanding of weight risks can influence management decisions regarding where and when to spend money on product development 

- How much should be spent on weight reduction? 

- How much should be spent to reduce risks?' 

- Which risks are most important to reduce? 

In short, understanding of weight risks provides management with additional insight to help make product decisions. 

Weight risk assessment is not new - it has always been done, although usually subjectively. Weight Growth Studies and efforts to project weight at delivery from the vehicle weight at some stage in design is a specialized form of weight risk assessment. These studies have been particularly useful in establishing target weights.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1269,

title = {1269. Deregulation - A Broad View},

author = {J R McCarty},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1269},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-05-01},

booktitle = {37th Annual Conference, Munich, West Germany, May 8-10},

pages = {9},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Munich, West Germany},

abstract = {It should first be noted that this is not a technical paper, nor is it original. It concerns a subject with which we all have some concern, particularly those of us from the United States, that of airline deregulation. At the same time the matter is diverse, complex, and couched in legalities to the point that real understanding by the layman is questionable. There is also the concern on the part of the airlines that someone without an expertise will misrepresent his company's official position. In fact it was suggested that one best go to the congressional record if you are concerned with that aspect of the subject. 

In early 1978 United Airlines' Senior Vice President of Government Affairs, Mr. Monte Lazarus, made a presentation at a Management Conference in San Francisco that I felt approached the subject in a broader sense. Since I found it to be an interesting presentation, and with Mr. Lazarus' agreement, I would like to share it with you. 

Mr. Lazarus sets the scene as 1984, with its Orwellian overtones, and looks back on what has transpired from now to that time period. As such, he titled his presentation 'Yesterday'. You will note some 'tongue in cheek' aspects but I am assured that the general theme is serious. 

********************************** 

Thirty-five years ago George Orwell wrote his famous novel '1984'. In it, he predicted that big brother would dominate the world by this year. He said that this would be a desperate time in which men would have totally lost their freedom. Orwell said we would follow slogans and give up independent thinking. 

It hasn't happened quite that way. The political and economic world hasn't changed that much. We're still swamped by our problems. And we're still trying to find solutions-not through slogans, but through better answers. In the 80's, energy problems still haunt us, and the 98th U.S. Congress is still tied up trying to get an energy package to the next President, whoever she may be. OPEC price increases have kicked motor gasoline to $1.25 a gallon and jet fuel is selling at 70 cents a gallon. 

Western Europe is struggling with labor problems, the Japanese are dumping products worldwide, the Mideast is still a riddle without an answer. New York City just borrowed $8 billion from Venezuela to meet its welfare payments. 

Government regulation is still increasing. The Federal Register had 2,411 pages when first published in 1936. By 1975, it had 60,221 pages, and by 1983, it had grown to 124,673 pages. In 1984 there are more than 120 regulatory agencies and over 200,000 government workers who interpret and implement government regulations. Our annual budget is up to $750 billion. The Social Security System is on the brink of bankruptcy once again. 

But, while other problems are pretty much the same as they were 10 or 15 years ago, in the world of U.S. air transportation, there have been some profound changes. Let's take a minute to review them: 

- Beginning with the deregulation of cargo in 1977, some government controls over routes and rates have been removed. The Airline Regulatory Reform Act of 1978 has been in effect now almost five full years. It's not working too badly, as we have learned. 

 But the airline regulatory reform act did not completely free United from the heavy hand of Uncle Sam. More than ever, in 1984 the federal government is our partner in the running of our business. Here are just a few examples: 

- Carriers must ask for CAB permission much less often, but must te11 the CAB much more about their activities. Each night United's computers summarize every transaction of the previous day-each ticket sold, each passenger carried, each flight operated, each expense incurred. By data link, this information is transmitted to computers of the CAB'S Bureau of Information in its building in Langley, Virginia. Instead of cutting back, CAB'S staff has actually grown from 700 in 1978 to over 3,000 in January 1984. Most of CAB'S people are now located in the Bureau of Information and the Bureau of Enforcement, gathering more and more data and acting as watchdogs over the system. 

- CAB cases are different. Domestic route cases no longer exist. Enforcement cases take up about a third of the docket and international matters take up another third. Such things as smoking violations, lost baggage and claims take a lot of time and effort. Other cases involve the lawfulness of rates and fares, on questions of unjust discrimination, undue prejudice and preference and predatory activity. 

- Agencies we knew in 1978 have become larger and more powerful. OSHA received a new congressional mandate in 1980 and is enforcing rigid standards for all employee groups-including executives. Recently, after discovering that scotch tint on our Executive Office windows caused cancer in a Canadian rat, OSHA ordered the window covering removed at United's headquarters. 

- FAA, EPA, FTC, Food and Drug Administration, Internal Revenue and the Departments of Justice, Transportation, Energy and Labor have alt become more powerful, and more concerned with air transportation. 

- FAA's noise rules were amended again in 1982 to make the standards even tougher for new aircraft. Several important agencies were created in the early 80's, and have tremendous influence on us: 

- First, there are our friends over at Triple A-B-the Airport Access Allocation Bureau in DOT, which allocates access at the 25 most critical airports. Triple A-B has authority to assign general aviation activity away from air carrier airports, and to prescribe the number of airline movements by airport, by airline, by hour. Our Vice President of Schedule Planning returned to his ancestral home in Scotland to manage the faintly haggis business after two years of dealing with Triple A-B. 

- Next is the PAA–the Petroleum Allocation Agency in the Department of Energy which allocates liquid petroleum products. Scarcity of petroleum, slow development of alternative energy sources and the rising cost of petroleum products, has prompted a quota system among competing modes to allocate liquid petroleum for transportation. 

- A Cabinet level Consumer Affairs Department was established in 1980 by the Consumer Welfare Act. Consumer affairs activities of a11 other federal agencies-including CAB-were transferred. The new department participates in all CAB cases. 

- Finally, the new Federal Employment Agency in the Labor Department is making life interesting for United's personnel people. The agency mandates employment quotas to each American firm in ratio to its gross sales. Quotas specify employee count by age, sex, race, creed, color, national origin, educational level, and job title for each location of each firm. After dealing with the new Federal Employment Agency, our Vice President of Personnel went fishing. He never returned.},

keywords = {30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}