SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{3778,

title = {3778. Mass Properties in Manufacturing},

author = {William Boze},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3778},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-21},

urldate = {2022-05-21},

booktitle = {81st Annual Conference, Savannah, Georgia},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Savannah, Georgia},

abstract = {In a vehicle acquisition program, there is a myriad of groups that use mass properties data and require Mass Properties Engineering support. The user group may vary from product to product. However, almost every product’s Performance, Structures, Loads, Tooling, Manufacturing, Costing, Shipping, and Marketing groups, along with many others, all require accurate mass properties in one form or another (SAWE, 2003). This paper will highlight specifically where mass properties data is utilized by various groups in the planning and construction of a ship, while providing an overview of the manufacturing, construction, assembly, and testing process. While this paper addresses how mass properties data is used in ship production, similar data furnished by the mass properties group is utilized in the construction of aircraft, spacecraft, offshore platforms, and ground transportation vehicles.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3707,

title = {3707. Functional Requirements for Cross Industry Recommendation Practices},

author = {Andreas Schuster},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3707},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-01},

booktitle = {77th Annual Conference, Irving, Texas},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Irving, Texas},

abstract = {This paper describes the results of three discussion of functional requirements for cross industry and industry specific SAWE Recommended Practices (RP). This effort provides information for a new overview RP that defines what should be included in each industry's document. It also demonstrates how panel discussions focused on Standard and Practice topic can be used at a regional conference and then complied into a SAWE technical paper. The topics covered include Center of Gravity reference systems, Occupant Weights, and Weight Breakdown System.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3708,

title = {3708. SAWE RP-8 Past, Present and Future},

author = {Paul Kachurak},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3708},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-01},

booktitle = {77th Annual Conference, Irving, Texas},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Irving, Texas},

abstract = {SAWE Recommended Practice (RP) A-8 has been used in essence for the format of military aircraft mass properties for decades. RP A-8 forms the basis for effective communication within the mass properties community.The paper revisits the genesis of RP A-8, its importance, and makes recommendations for potential future changes to the RP in order to accommodate future aircraft design architectures.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3681,

title = {3681. Simultaneous Use of Multiple Load Measuring Devices for Weighings in the Offshore Oil & Gas Industry},

author = {Ian David Bennett},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3681},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-01},

booktitle = {76th Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada},

pages = {27},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {As with weighing any large item, a successful weighing in the offshore oil industry requires decisions regarding many aspects of the process:o Detailed planning and coordinationo Selecting an appropriate weighing system and measuring devices (load-cells) o Approving of a weighing procedureo Issuing a report documenting the results of the weighingo Documenting deviations from an approved procedureDefining the number of load-cells to be used requires an understanding of the capacity and uncertainty imitations of the devices, as well as the structural design of the Module. There is no formula available that determines the number of load-cells to employ for a weighing.Factors to be considered for a multiple load-cell weighing are presented in this paper. A combination of good working knowledge of the various elements and application of sound engineering judgement will be necessary to make the many decisions that will arise during the planning and execution of a weighing.This paper presents the factors to be reviewed and the mathematics to be used to determine the overall uncertainty of a weighing system. A basic checklist is also provided to assist the user when attending a weighing. Information in this paper is applicable for performing any weighing using a multiple load-cell system.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3682,

title = {3682. Allowance Versus Contingency in the Offshore Oil & Gas Industry},

author = {Ian David Bennett},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3682},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-01},

booktitle = {76th Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada},

pages = {13},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {Weight management in the offshore oil industry uses the terms allowance and contingency when describing weights that cannot be defined during the present design stage - but are known to be required. These terms are frequently accompanied with much debate - between Owner/Operators and Engineering Contractors - as to their meaning and interpretation. Depending on the past experiences of the Owner/Operator or the Engineering Contractor, one term will have preferential use over the other. In reality, the terms may be used interchangeably as they describe the same aspect of weight management.In any industry where weight is an important design parameter, determining the total weight of an assembly of parts (e.g. an aircraft, a ship, or an offshore platform) is a part of the design and fabrication process. Before completion of fabrication, an assembly's total weight is a combination of two weight categories - definable (i.e. based on quantities, unit weights or densities), and indefinable (i.e. estimated or assumed). As the design matures, the portion of definable items increases while the portion of indefinable items decreases. The total weight - definable plus indefinable - should remain constant during the design and fabrication phases.Definable weights are determined from preliminary documents (e.g. drawings and specifications), 3-D CAD, equipment vendor data, and other sources. Indefinable weights are estimated based on the level of design maturity of definable weights at any point in time. Common industry practice is to calculate the indefinable weights by application of a percentage factor (known as an allowance or contingency) to the definable weight. Combining the definable and the indefinable weights determine the total weight.This paper describes how the terms allowance and contingency are synonymous, and proposes the use of a replacement generic term to provide a clear meaning for the intent of the terms it should replace. Information provided in this paper is based on the author's experiences in the offshore oil industry. Principles described should be applicable to weight management in any industry.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3659,

title = {3659. Weight and CG Curtailment},

author = {Patrick Brown},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3659},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-05-01},

booktitle = {75th Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Denver, Colorado},

abstract = {Without fail, weight and center of gravity (CG) change during every aircraft flight. In some aircraft, especially large passenger aircraft, the ability to safely account for weight and CG movement during flight can become problematic. There are unknown passenger and cargo weights. The crew and passengers often move large distances in the cabin and the cargo CG can shift unexpectedly during flight. Angle of attack and fuel burn often create CG movements due to fuel migration. The complexity of the analysis is large and the risk of failure is enormous. Any one or combination of those events in flight can be catastrophic. However, the risk to crew, passengers, cargo and aircraft can be mitigated by the proper use of weight and CG curtailment. In fact, by applying proper weight and CG curtailment methods during flight planning, those risks can be entirely eliminated as a cause of incident, accident, or catastrophic failure. The only other possible way of eliminating those risks would be to know the weight and CG of every crewman, passenger, cargo, and gallon of fuel and completely limit their movement. Or, better yet, develop a 'smart' plane that senses CG movement and automatically compensates for it during flight. As yet, that technology does not exist, is too costly and or complex to implement in a commercial aircraft environment. Weight and CG curtailment uses quantitative methods to shrink the flight envelope so that every likely shift in weight and CG is accounted for in the given flight profile or mission. In fact, as the only viable solution, every large aircraft operator uses weight and CG curtailment in one form or another to dispatch their aircraft in a safe and timely manner.},

keywords = {01. Aircraft Loading - General, 17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3635,

title = {3635. Mass Properties - Flow of Information},

author = {V B Gomide de Paula and F V Abrantes and M Silveira de Matos and S C Meyer},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3635},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-05-01},

booktitle = {74th Annual Conference, Alexandria, Virginia},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Alexandria, Virginia},

abstract = {Product development is a challenging process for any product, because aircraft are highly complex, interconnected, and should take into account a multiplicity of requirements, their design represents a challenge of the highest order. Hence, among the various requirements to be met by a new aircraft there are: cost, performance and sustainability requirements. The mass properties of the aircraft are intrinsically related to the fulfillment of these three requirements, consequently it is crucial that realistic estimates of aircraft mass properties be used during early conceptual design, and that it be strictly controlled during later stages of design. 

The mass properties management has different characteristics depending on the product development phase; it has to be adjusted as the maturity of the aircraft increases and also depends on the technical integration status of the development. The main objective of this paper is to analyze how the mass properties flow of information should be between specialized groups and managers, in order to guarantee that the information on the lowest level of the system will be able to answer on the aircraft level. The integration has to give accurate and timely mass properties data for making design optimization decisions. The primary result of this work is the development of an integrated and user- friendly tool to track the achievement of the local target weight and impact on the global weight. 

Keywords: mass properties, flow of information, requirements},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 24. Weight Engineering - System Design},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3637,

title = {3637. Integrated Product Design and Weight Engineering},

author = {D Verma},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3637},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-05-01},

booktitle = {74th Annual Conference, Alexandria, Virginia},

pages = {7},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Alexandria, Virginia},

abstract = {This paper is based on Altair Engineering's research & global experience in improving the product design process by the application of optimization and business analytics. The research focuses on improving the design of aircrafts and other low volume manufactured products by incorporating leading edge solutions towards influencing the earliest stages of design. This specific paper builds upon frameworks that have been built by other researchers, and implements them in a real world scenario. 

Today's aircrafts are among the largest and most complex products made with long lifecycles. Building these requires tight collaboration between the manufacturer, supplier and airline fleet owners. Furthermore, they may be developed for a specific business for which components and requirements may change continuously. 

The aircraft design process suited to the above has been described by various frameworks - INCOSE 2006, Spiral Design, Simultaneous Requirements and Design Development. Our research indicates that regardless of the process chosen, the key criteria for a successful project are: 

- The ability to have optimized architectural and structural decisions upfront in the design cycle when the design is immature 

- The ability to manage rapid design change due to evolving requirements 

- The ability to rapidly highlight the effect of those design changes leading to timely corrective actions as needed, using business analytic principles 

This paper shall show how engineers can derive optimum structures that meet design requirements with the minimum possible material mass. This results in a product that is less expensive to manufacture and maintain. 

This paper shall also highlight how engineers can rapidly highlight the effect of these designs and their changes on product attributes such as weight and balance. Providing such process and tools for data consolidation, tracking and reporting, enables constituents of the extended enterprise to contribute more to product development by focusing on identifying, managing and improving mass properties and associated opportunities, risks and uncertainties.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3614,

title = {3614. A Method For Assessing Mass Data Quality Throughout The Product Development Process},

author = {Parviz Haghdoost and Jerry O'Sullivan},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3614},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

booktitle = {73rd Annual Conference, Long Beach, California},

pages = {20},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {In the automotive industry, developing a product is a few years of journey from concept to a product on wheels. The weight engineers have to predict the mass property from just idea concept in the beginning, and progressively increase its precision over time in line with the product definition's maturity. 

There are many methods of weight estimation with various tools and techniques that are developed by Weight Engineering practitioners. No matter which tool is used, there are always some degrees of uncertainty that might obscure judgement and sometimes result in total lack of confidence in data liability, especially if a making a critical decision is involved. Design progression over time will increase the level of certainty and can help us improve the quality of weight estimates, but it requires a robust data management process. 

This paper focuses on how to evaluate the quality of weight estimates and manage it throughout the product development cycle. Combining an uncertainty management technique with a bottom up weight projection method, we are enabled to report the weight of the product in shape of a probability distribution, rather than just one uncertain value. This way of reporting allows us to define the likelihood of occurrence of each failure mode, therefore providing a better visibility for decision making. This also helps to form a discipline for improving the quality of weight estimates throughout time. 

The methodology involves estimating the weights in three cases of best, worst and most likely, which in turn forms the average and standard deviation for each low end component. By using the Monte Carlo Simulation technique rolling up weight of those components to the complete product, the average and standard deviation of the vehicle can be obtained, and in case of availability of the failure modes, will be used in evaluating the likelihood of their occurrences. The standard deviation of the final product may also be used as an indication of data health at each stage of the development. The magnitude of acceptable standard deviation has to be continuously reduced throughout the design progression to reflect the increased confidence in our engineering estimates.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3618,

title = {3618. Building SAWE Capability as an ANSI Accredited Standards Developer},

author = {Jeffrey Cerro and Edward W. Davis and E Peterson and William T. Griffiths and Andrew P. Brooks and Bonnie Stratton and José Attar},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3618},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

booktitle = {73rd Annual Conference, Long Beach, California},

pages = {16},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {This paper presents a 2014 status of the Society of Allied Weight Engineers' process towards becoming an Accredited Standards Developer (ASD) under certification by the United States American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Included is material from the committee's 2013 International presentation, current status, and additional general background material. The document strives to serve as a reference point to assist SAWE Recommended Practice and Standards developers in negotiating United States Standards Strategy, international standards strategy, and the association of SAWE standards and recommended practices to those efforts. Required procedures for SAWE to develop and maintain Recommended Practices and ANSI/SAWE Standards are reviewed.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3622,

title = {3622. How to implement the special requirements for managing mass properties in transportation industries},

author = {Claudia Rosenberger},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3622},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

booktitle = {73rd Annual Conference, Long Beach California},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {usb GmbH provides a mass management software tool. In the past the software was mainly developed considering requirements of aerospace industries. During the last year usb GmbH met the challenge to extend the mass management software solution to the special needs of transportation industries. It was really interesting to find out, what are the main differences between aerospace and transportation concerning the management of mass properties. 

This paper shows the main differences as well as many common issues. 

Common issues are the general calculation routines for mass, center of gravity and moments of inertia. Those follow physical laws. Also management of parts, bill of material and projects are similar. In both cases mass specific objects like staff or consumable have to be added. 

The main extensions and changes are in the management of the following objects - Configuration of trains out of different waggons 

- Considering different objects representing different payload conditions 

- Calculation of wheel and axle loads 

During this paper it will be shown how these requirements are implemented and how they are managed now within M3 software. 

During close teamwork with Bombardier Transportation, not only functional procedures are defined and new objects are configured. With facing this challenge the software itself was updated. Objects, like parts, projects, risk and opportunities can be configured by the customer itself now. The user interface was transferred to a new version, which make is more comfortable and easy to use. The customer has the possibility to adjust it to its specific needs. As a conclusion we have now an improved software tool, which can satisfy requirements of different industries integrated into company application environment.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3623,

title = {3623. Special Requirements for Managing Mass Properties in Rail Transportation},

author = {Kirstin Töpfer},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3623},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

booktitle = {73rd Annual Conference, Long Beach California},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {Two years ago I had the chance to visit a SAWE conference (Bad Göggingen -Munich) for the first time. I was really impressed with the large community of mass engineers existing for such a long time without being noticed by me and my colleagues in Germany. For us it is very important to see what others do in the same field. We all have more or less the same problems and can support each other to solve them. 

During this conference I met some colleagues whom ask me why it is necessary to have mass management in railway industry. Finally all vehicles are so heavy. These opinions were the spark to write this paper and give the presentation. 

But first let me introduce myself. I started my career as mass manager for Bombardier Transportation in 2001. Until that time mass management in Bombardier Germany was usually performed by engineers alongside their daily work. 

So it was up to me to fill this position as a full-time mass manager with enthusiasm. 

During the last 13 years mass management has become more and more important so the number of mass managers has increased constantly, from one in 2001 to up to 15 in 2014 in Germany only. There were similar developments for Bombardier Transportation worldwide. In 2014 we took a big step to harmonize mass management. A global function (Centre of Competence) was set up with special mandates to harmonize processes and tools for mass management. 

To give you a better feeling for how mass management in the railway industry works I will explain shortly the different product types and where the requirements come from. 

The general tasks of mass management are also similar so we have many things in common. 

Similar to the aerospace industry we consider different mass type definitions which I will shortly discuss. 

So let's start to bring the railway industry into the SAWE and make them an important part of it.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3545,

title = {3545. Weight Management for Aircraft Passenger Seats},

author = {Heinz Hübner},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3545},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {In this paper, the company RECARO Aircraft Seating and the different seat types are presented in order to show the scope of work of the weight department starting from lightweight economy class seats without any IFE up to full-flat electrical business class seats. 

The paper delivers insight into the work of an weight engineer in the aircraft seat development and production. It shows the different tasks during the project phases from the project start to the final seat and also the daily work to support the project engineers and sales management. 

The tools and methods of weight estimation, calculation and tracking are described and also the collaboration with the production line, the sales department and the suppliers in order to get weighed weights to improve the maturity of the weight data. 

The connection to other departments like stress calculation, crash simulation and testing is also shown. The paper gives an outlook on future challenges to keep the seat weight low with simultaneously improving the comfort and implementing extensive entertainment systems.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3583,

title = {3583. Report Format For Weight Control Of Offshore Structures},

author = {Stein Bjòrhovde},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3583},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {35},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to suggest standard layouts for printouts to be included in the weight report for engineering and construction of offshore structures. The proposals are based on a systematic review of weight reports for existing oil platforms built for the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico during the last 10 year. The content of these weight reports are systemized according to the ISO standard for weight control, as well as the Statoil requirement for weight control. 

Requirements for weight control of offshore structures are described in the ISO standard 19901-5 'Petroleum and natural gas industries - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 5: Weight control during engineering and construction'. This document includes definitions, weight control classes, weight- and load budgets, weight reporting, requirements for suppliers, requirements for weighing in addition to various appendixes. In this paper we will focus on chapter 6.3 'Requirements to the weight report'. The content of existing weight reports are systemized and mapped to the defined chapters (printouts/tables) that are required according to the ISO standard. 

The Norwegian energy company Statoil has a technical requirement for weight control titled 'TR2352 Weight control requirements for topside and substructures'. This document specifies among others which data fields the weight database should include as a minimum. One of the results of this paper is an overview of which data fields are included in the various weight report chapters required by the ISO standard. 

This paper can serve as a specification of the data fields and printouts that should be included in a weight control system for offshore structures to fulfill the requirements of the ISO-19901-5. The layouts of the printouts are in focus. In this paper it is also discussed whether it's realistic to design a weight control system that automatically or semi-automatically produces the weight reports. 

Stein Bjòrhovde is one of the founders and head of development of BAS Engineering. Mr. Bjòrhovde has a Master of Science Degree in Ship Design, and has been developing the weight engineering software ShipWeight since 1993. He has also been involved in development of other weight control software, in addition to being a consultant doing weight estimation and monitoring in the offshore industry. He has more than 15 years' experience in weight estimation of new ship designs for several Norwegian and international ship designers and yards.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 35. Weight Engineering - Offshore},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3584,

title = {3584. Weight Optimization of Aircraft Structures with Durability and Damage Tolerant Constraints},

author = {Anwer A. Zaidi},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3584},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {Aircraft structural weight optimization is considered with Durability and Damage tolerant constraints. Nature of solution space for investigating the durability and damage tolerance of minimum weight structure is discussed. Altair's OptiStructfinite element driven solver of Hyperworkssuite is used to provide a sound ground up optimization in several stages. A generic aircraft structural component is investigated as a proof of the concept which provides weight saving methodology in the initial conceptual phase of design by rigorous applications of optimization tools.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3585,

title = {3585. Graphene based Polymer Composites: Prospects of Application in design of Light Weight Aerospace Structural Components},

author = {Bangwei Zhang and Anwer A. Zaidi and Ramazan Asmatulu},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3585},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {17},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {The use of new and exotic material, graphene, is explored in tailoring and designing composites to create aircraft structural parts. The synthesis and engineering of graphene is still in infancy but the future potential is enormous. Some initial tests and subsequent validation results for graphene is described to establish a baseline for its future use as structural parts, as a part of composite material system in aerospace Industry. Initial results of using graphene either as a strengthening ply with polymer matrix type laminate or as a fiber in traditional composite system, shows enormous potential. This is the key aspect researchers are relying on.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3586,

title = {3586. SWAT: Systematic Weight Analysis and Reduction Method},

author = {Kossow Matthias and Konstantin Graf and Torben Kabbe},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3586},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {24},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {The systematic reduction of weight has become an important key factor for a variety of industrial applications. The reduction of weight - typically - has a positive impact on less energy consumption, range increase, payload enlargement, preserving resources, and saving costs. Assuming that all easy and obvious weight saving ideas have already been implemented when people start to think about applying specific weight saving methods creates two major statements: 

- To find new weight saving ideas a new way of thinking is mandatory. Therefore the involved people have to leave their so called 'comfort zone' and open their minds towards novel and uncommon ideas. 

- To find new weight saving ideas people have to accept the related risks as challenges that have to be solved to gain flexibility instead of allowing the perception of risks to 'kill' risky weight saving ideas. 

The SWAT-Method (SWAT stands for Systematic Weight Analysis and Reduction MeThod) determines potential of weight saving ideas by methodical functional system analysis and guided creativity. In addition it provides a clear and transparent view on the way forward for the deployment of ideas including risks: 

'SWAT is a formal systematic approach designed to develop and support your creativity.' 

and 

'SWAT identifies existing hidden flexibility that can be used for weight saving concepts.'},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3592,

title = {3592. A Background in Offshore Floating Production Unit Weight Control Nomenclature and a Proposal for Future Development},

author = {Radoslaw Zawadzki},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3592},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {9},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {In estimating and managing weight growth during concept, design and fabrication phases for offshore energy floating production platforms and vessels, two similar but different methodologies for representing weight nomenclature have arisen thus leading to confusion and turmoil within the weight control discipline. This paper delves into the background and origins of these weight control methodologies and seeks to open the discussion on the differing nomenclatures found within the weight control function. This will be done by giving some examples of weight control terminology with multiple definitions and proposing a new concept of weight nomenclature based on the stages and states of weight development.},

keywords = {13. Weight Engineering - Marine, 17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 35. Weight Engineering - Offshore},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3522,

title = {3522. International Weight Control Standard for the Offshore Oil & Gas Industry},

author = {I. D. Bennett},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3522},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-05-01},

booktitle = {70th Annual Conference, Houstion, Texas},

pages = {22},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Houston, Texas},

abstract = {Based on the author's experience, many engineers and managers in the North American offshore oil and gas industry consider International Standards Organisation (ISO) documents to be incomplete, complicated or foreign. 

However, after some understanding behind their purpose and the process of their creation, ISO documents are informative, well written and very useful when tackling complicated technical issues. 

With members from 163 countries, ISO is the world's largest developer and publisher of international standards; encompassing many topics related to the design and manufacturing of goods and facilities in all forms of industry. With the aim of representing interested government and industry bodies with common goals, the countries place volunteer members on specific ISO technical committees. Through consultation, the committee members reach a consensus on how the standards are to be worded and presented for use. Modifications are then presented to the member countries for further peer review. Final changes are voted into acceptance or rejection. 

ISO Technical Committee (TC) 67, sub-committee (SC) 7 is responsible for the ISO 19901 suite of documents - entitled Petroleum and natural gas industries - Specific requirements for offshore structures - focusing on the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries. The complete suite of documents is 

composed of: 

Part 1: Metocean Design and Operating Considerations; 

Part 2: Seismic Design Procedures and Criteria; 

Part 3: Topsides Structure; 

Part 4: Geotechnical and Foundation Design Considerations; 

Part 5: Weight Control During Engineering and Construction; 

Part 6: Marine Operations; 

Part 7: Station-keeping Systems for Floating Offshore Structures and Mobile Offshore Units; 

Working Group 6 (WG6) is responsible for Part 5. 

Members of committee TC67/SC7/WG6 include representatives of national standard organizations (governmental and private) from nineteen countries. For North America, the representatives are Mr. A. Schuster representing the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the author representing the Standard Council of Canada (SCC). SAWE is in the unique position of having both North American representatives as members of its Houston chapter, with both actively employed as weight managers in the offshore oil and gas industry. 

This paper is presented to give a better understanding and appreciation of the information found in ISO 19901-5; in order that it receives a more uniform acceptance in the North American oil and gas industry.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 35. Weight Engineering - Offshore},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3493,

title = {3493. An Expanded Study of SAWE Paper 3468 - Quantifying Uncertainty and Risk in Vehicle Mass Properties Throughout the Design Development Phase},

author = {William Boze and Elizabeth Heaney},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3493},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-05-01},

booktitle = {69th Annual Conference, Virginia Beach, Virginia},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Virginia Beach, Virginia},

abstract = {SAWE Paper No. 3468 (Boze & Hester, 2009) demonstrated 

that uncertainty and risk can be quantified by coupling a 

Monte Carlo simulation using Microsoft Excel, mass 

properties data, a work breakdown structure, uncertainty 

categories, and derived probability distributions. The risk can 

be assessed by evaluating the probability of occurrence, the 

standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation resulting 

from randomly varying the mass properties variable within an 

uncertainty category's probability distribution. 

The original paper demonstrated this approach using data 

collected over an 18 month period on an existing ship 

acquisition program. The purpose of this paper is to broaden 

the range of mass properties data used in the same simulation 

model to a five year design acquisition life cycle in order to 

gain increased insight into the use of this method. New 

observations will be drawn as to the required number of 

simulation runs, the various measures of risk, affects on risk of 

physical platform changes to satisfy performance requirement 

changes, as well as disclosing improved graphic methods for 

displaying some risk data.},

keywords = {17. Weight Engineering - Procedures, 21. Weight Engineering - Statistical Studies, 24. Weight Engineering - System Design},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}