SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{3764,

title = {3764. Technical Authority: What, Why, and How},

author = {David Tellet and Christine Wujick},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3764},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-21},

urldate = {2022-05-21},

booktitle = {81st Annual Conference, Savannah, Georgia},

pages = {26},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Savannah, Georgia},

abstract = {Technical authority is a concept where the engineering management hier- archy is separate from the program management hierarchy. The intent of this organizational structure is to insulate engineering calculations and decisions from financial and schedule influences so engineering quality can be preserved. This paper looks at the technical authority structure and process within the US Navy acquisition and engineering directorates and discusses why this system was established and how it works (and doesn’t) in real programs. 

The discussion of technical authority focuses on mass properties of a major submarine acquisition program but also includes insight from the other side: the viewpoint of technical authority from the deputy program manager of that program. Together the paper provides insights and examples of why maintain- ing technical authority is important and also how compromises are navigated between good engineering and good program management.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3699,

title = {3699. The Health of Mass Properties Engineering in Aerospace, Marine, Offshore, Land Vehicles and Allied Industries - Results of a 2018 Industry Survey},

author = {Clint Stephenson and William Boze},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3699},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-01},

booktitle = {77th Annual Conference, Irving, Texas},

pages = {81},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Irving, Texas},

abstract = {At the 76th International Society of Allied Weight Engineers (SAWE) conference in Montreal, Canada, the president-elect of the society gave a presentation entitled 'The Mass Properties Discipline - Risk and Opportunity'. This presentation provided a perception of the health of the mass properties discipline based on limited published material, most of it over a decade old. In order to substantiate or disprove the conjecture made in that 2017 presentation, the authors devised and conducted a mass properties engineering industry survey in 2018, the results of which are presented in this paper. Similar to the aforementioned presentation, the ultimate objective of this effort is to stimulate increased collaboration between Academia, SAWE Company Members and Corporate Partners, society members, and the SAWE Executive Board towards a common objective in addressing the current risk and opportunities.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 21. Weight Engineering - Statistical Studies},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3675,

title = {3675. Weight Management During Engineering Development - 2016 Sawe Survey Results},

author = {Doug Fisher},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3675},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-01},

booktitle = {76th Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada},

pages = {28},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {This is the report of a survey on product weight management during engineering development. The objective is to understand the size, organization and influence of weight engineering teams on a product's engineering development. The survey was given to members of SAWE (the International Society of Allied Weight Engineers) in the aircraft, spacecraft, marine and land vehicle industries during the 2016 international conference. Data was gathered on:* Weight engineering staff size, experience and documented work instructions* Engineering team reporting structure and responsibility for product weight* Weight goals and weight reduction activities during product development and their impact on the project* The weight engineering focals' influence on the product design35 responses were received, representing the full range of targeted industries, with most respondents from the aircraft and marine industries. Small (fewer than 100 engineers), medium (100 to 500) and large organizations (more than 500 engineers) are represented.Limited by such a small data set, analysis focused on broad trends and relationships. Common themes are small, aging weight engineering staffs and poor documentation of work instructions, which could hinder knowledge transfer to the next generation. The person the weight engineers report to may not be responsible for meeting the development project weight goal, possibly diluting 'ownership' of the weight. Most respondents accept a weight challenge in their projects which may require weight reduction activity to achieve, even when they don't have a complete understanding of weight risks. Despite challenging weight goals and weight reduction activities, most respondents indicate the weight engineer has little or no influence on the product design.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 21. Weight Engineering - Statistical Studies},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3614,

title = {3614. A Method For Assessing Mass Data Quality Throughout The Product Development Process},

author = {Parviz Haghdoost and Jerry O'Sullivan},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3614},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

booktitle = {73rd Annual Conference, Long Beach, California},

pages = {20},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {In the automotive industry, developing a product is a few years of journey from concept to a product on wheels. The weight engineers have to predict the mass property from just idea concept in the beginning, and progressively increase its precision over time in line with the product definition's maturity. 

There are many methods of weight estimation with various tools and techniques that are developed by Weight Engineering practitioners. No matter which tool is used, there are always some degrees of uncertainty that might obscure judgement and sometimes result in total lack of confidence in data liability, especially if a making a critical decision is involved. Design progression over time will increase the level of certainty and can help us improve the quality of weight estimates, but it requires a robust data management process. 

This paper focuses on how to evaluate the quality of weight estimates and manage it throughout the product development cycle. Combining an uncertainty management technique with a bottom up weight projection method, we are enabled to report the weight of the product in shape of a probability distribution, rather than just one uncertain value. This way of reporting allows us to define the likelihood of occurrence of each failure mode, therefore providing a better visibility for decision making. This also helps to form a discipline for improving the quality of weight estimates throughout time. 

The methodology involves estimating the weights in three cases of best, worst and most likely, which in turn forms the average and standard deviation for each low end component. By using the Monte Carlo Simulation technique rolling up weight of those components to the complete product, the average and standard deviation of the vehicle can be obtained, and in case of availability of the failure modes, will be used in evaluating the likelihood of their occurrences. The standard deviation of the final product may also be used as an indication of data health at each stage of the development. The magnitude of acceptable standard deviation has to be continuously reduced throughout the design progression to reflect the increased confidence in our engineering estimates.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3563,

title = {3563. Optimization Centers - A Systematic Deployment Of Structural Optimization In Large Enterprises},

author = {Lars Fredriksson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3563},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

booktitle = {71st Annual Conference, Bad Gögging, Germany},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bad Gögging, Germany},

abstract = {In current product development processes, mass targets often have to stand back for functional targets in concept and early product development stages. The focus on satisfaction of mass targets thus takes place later and it has been proven difficult to fulfill the mass targets at this late stage without compromising the functional requirements. Late 'firefighting' activities, which are frequent in both the automotive and aerospace industries, confirm this development dilemma. 

In both aerospace and the automotive industry, dedicated weight managers have responsibilities related to weight targets and their fulfillment. As of today, weight managers act predominantly based on experience, bench marking and information regarding future usage of advanced materials in the products. CAE is today not as widespread a tool to support the recommendations issued by weight managers. 

An optimization center is a centralized structure within an OEM which allow for strategic execution of optimization within the product concept and development processes. Differences between the current widespread usage of optimization within OEMs and an optimization center are; 1) the direct (strategic) connection to program management of product development, 2) the usage of optimization early to help propose baseline load carrying structures which show potential to fulfill both functional and weight targets, 3) the consideration of multiple (the important) functional requirements during concept optimization and 4) the application on larger product subsystems in order to provide possibility to rearrange the load carrying topology between parts and/or systems. An optimization center can additionally support weight managers with information gained from CAE studies. This information would enhance the basis for decisions and could thus help to make better judgments of realistic weight goals and about the distribution of weight on systems, subsystems and parts. 

The optimization center is a competence center of excellence, where optimization knowledge relevant to the products is concentrated, preserved and enhanced. The optimization center will assure 1) the creation and compliance to standards for performing simulations and optimization within the OEM, 2) the continues build-up of knowledge and improvement of methods and processes, 3) the training of new center members to assure continuation and redundancy of knowledge and 4) a flexible integration with standard development processes of the OEM. 

This paper and presentation will discuss how optimization centers work and can be created to fit requirements of different OEMs. Advantages of optimization centers are presented and examples are shown how optimization centers are used today to improve product development in the Aero and Auto industries.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3438,

title = {3438. Making the Transition from the Comfort Zone to the Unknown},

author = {Todd Brown and Richard K. Raines and Gerald Tschabold},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3438},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

booktitle = {67th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington},

pages = {29},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {Many Engineers, including Mass Properties or Weight Engineers, are faced with a decision at some point in their professional career of whether to continue in the discipline that they have been working in or to attempt to alter course and explore other dimensions. We are three Engineers who have recently taken that decision and headed into the unknown. One of us left the automotive mass properties field for aerospace. One left the marine mass properties field, also for aerospace. And one left the aerospace mass properties field for a position related to marine engineering. Ships, vehicles, aircraft are all different types of vehicles and the mass properties methodologies that are associated with them are different. But, in making the transition, we each have learned that what we brought to the table in terms of experience and attitudes can be effectively applied to our new discipline and vehicles. This paper will explore the ramifications of career transitions in mass properties based on our individual and common experiences and will attempt to provide some guidance for others when they are faced with similar decisions in their careers.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 30. Miscellaneous},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3440,

title = {3440. E-Standards For Mass Properties Engineering},

author = {Jeffrey Cerro},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3440},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

booktitle = {67th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington},

pages = {19},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {A proposal is put forth to promote the concept of a Society of Allied Weight Engineers developed voluntary consensus standard for mass properties engineering. This standard would be an e-standard, and would encompass data, data manipulation, and reporting functionality. The standard would be implemented via an open-source SAWE distribution site with full SAWE member body access. Engineering societies and global standards initiatives are progressing toward modern engineering standards, which become functioning deliverable data sets. These data sets, if properly standardized, will integrate easily between supplier and customer enabling technically precise mass properties data exchange. The concepts of object-oriented programming support all of these requirements, and the use of a Java based open-source development initiative is proposed. Results are reported for activity sponsored by the NASA Langley Research Center Innovation Institute to scope out requirements for developing a mass properties engineering e-standard. An initial software distribution is proposed. Upon completion, an open-source application programming interface will be available to SAWE members for the development of more specific programming requirements that are tailored to company and project requirements. A fully functioning application programming interface will permit code extension via company proprietary techniques, as well as through continued open-source initiatives.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 17. Weight Engineering - Procedures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3442,

title = {3442. Knowledge Management in a 'Need to Know' Environment},

author = {Alan C. Jordan},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3442},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

booktitle = {67th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington},

pages = {12},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {Our capability within Engineering to capture and leverage useful knowledge is limited to our ability to protect information. Our goal is to maximize the amount of information we share and make available to those with 'need to know' and can add value. Focusing first on Information Protection and providing the tools to follow company policy will maximize the amount of information and knowledge we share. 

Our requirements were simple: 

1. The ability to segregate information by community providing a 'trusting' environment and enabling users to share more information to those who need it. 

2. The ability to mark and protect access to sensitive information based on company policy and government regulations. 

3. Ease of use and integration with desktop procedures and tools now used by engineers. 

This paper will discuss protecting and sharing information while collaborating within BCA Weight Engineering's implementation of a new KM tool from the AskMe Corporation (Ask BCA). The AskMe application, along with customized features specifically addressing our information protection requirements, will enable us to capture, share and leverage more knowledge and information based on 'need to know' without compromising information protection.},

keywords = {12. Weight Engineering - Computer Applications, 16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3448,

title = {3448. The Role of Effective Mass Property Management in a Global Product Creation Process},

author = {Claudia Heim and Holger Pertermann},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3448},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

booktitle = {67th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington},

pages = {18},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {Mass property Management is an integral part of the overall system design. Therefore the information should be managed like other requirement and design data in a centralized location. This could be either a specific database application, which is closely linked to other product data in a PLM system, or it is embedded into the enterprise PLM system. 

This paper outlines specific requirements to a PLM system, which has been implemented at a large tier1 automotive supplier for advanced product data management with integrated mass property handling. The first discussed challenge for complex system design is the huge variety of different configurations - which can easily lead to millions of combinations. The handling of mass properties in combination with different configurations is one of the most complex tasks. The introduction of a conceptual product structure is a very powerful vehicle to meet this requirement. In general the end product of each aerospace and automotive supplier has always a similar body structure, whatever it is - a plane or a car. A plane has in general engines and wings; each car has wheels and a roof. Therefore the manufacturer has lots of information, which he can re-use from his past projects. The discussed Conceptual Product Structure describes the data model, which supports advanced tasks in product data management with all the different aspects of aggregating information like mass properties. 

The next discussion point is a methodology of how to create target views (Parallel Structures) for different departments (mass, regulations, materials/environmental, supplier). This is a quite interesting methodology, if mass management is treated as part of the overall organization, contributing to one end product. 

The last topic which will be discussed is the role of configuration management throughout the product lifecycle and its impact on the mass properties. Bringing different information sets for mass properties of different design stages together and keep track of all the changes, requires also in the mass property department clean processes for an efficient configuration management. As long as mass property information is part of the global information set, this shouldn't be an issue in theory. In this paper it will be discussed, what processes are affected if mass property management is done outside the enterprise system. 

The paper will close with the discussion of how efficient mass property management systems will address the need for globalization. Especially, the role of Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) will address the increasing business process complexity in global organizations.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization, 24. Weight Engineering - System Design},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3427,

title = {3427. Professional Society Survey},

author = {Tom Koonce},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3427},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-05-01},

booktitle = {66th Annual Conference, Madrid, Spain},

pages = {47},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

address = {Madrid, Spain},

organization = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

abstract = {A survey of professional society membership is conducted and analyzed that includes a statistically significant number of SAWE participants. The survey relates why people originally join a professional society, why they remain members, and what they expect their professional society to offer them in the future. The conclusions that are drawn reflect the expectations and needs of the professional society members polled.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3306,

title = {3306. Mass Properties and Management},

author = {B L Anderson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3306},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-05-01},

urldate = {2003-05-01},

booktitle = {62nd Annual Conference, New Haven, Connecticut},

pages = {15},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Haven, Connecticut},

abstract = {This paper is the unintended result of a collaborative presentation developed for the 2001 Southwest Regional Conference. The topics addressed in this paper are not technical in nature, but are intended to provide the foundation for better communication between the mass properties engineering community and their upper management. The thoughts here are the collective wisdom from at least four (4) SAWE Fellows and several functional managers. However, all mistakes and misattributions are solely the fault of the principle author. If you are a mass properties engineer or in any other functional or analytical engineering discipline ? then this paper is for you. 

While engineers are generally regarded by non-technical individuals as brilliant or at a minimum very capable at understanding math, science, or technology, they are just as often caricatured as being helpless when dealing with office politics. Just think of how they are portrayed in the popular media or even in Dilbert cartoons. Too often technologists and their management communicate poorly and at cross?purposes at best. Let us face it, very few of us go to work thinking, ?Gee just how badly can I screw-up this latest project/proposal/program.? All of us want what we see is best. The trick is how do we get others to buy into and accept our role as being a benefit to the program. This paper attempts to address this very serious issue at a high level and with some dubious humor, which is again the responsibility and/or fault of the author.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3314,

title = {3314. Considerations for Performing Weight Reviews and Audits},

author = {Glen Matthews},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3314},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-05-01},

booktitle = {62nd Annual Conference, New Haven, Connecticut},

pages = {15},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {New Haven, Connecticut},

abstract = {This author has performed many reviews and audits in his 36 years in satellite mass properties engineering. This paper presents a buffet of considerations based on this author?s experience from which the reader can pick and choose to fit his/her particular situation. This buffet is based on peer reviews, subcontract and associate contractor audits, in house program reviews, etc., that this author has performed or participated in. Additionally, these considerations can be used for self-audits to assure the engineer has fully addressed the mass properties discipline activities within his own program. 

This paper provides information for constructing a mass properties review/audit agenda. A large buffet of potential review elements/issues is developed. Not all issues are pertinent to every review. The maturity of the program and the hardware type determines the emphasis of the review: 

- Study phase prior to ATP, prior to PDR, prior to CDR, hardware phase. 

- Complete spacecraft, payload only, major components, etc.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2374,

title = {2374. U. S. Army Aircraft Mass Properties Engineering},

author = {N J Donaldson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2374},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-05-01},

booktitle = {56th Annual Conference, Bellevue, Washington, May 19-21},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bellevue, Washington},

abstract = {This paper is an analysis of the mass properties engineering process for US Army aircraft. It includes a review of past practices. The impact of acquisition reform on the continuity of mass properties data is examined. Future directions for mass properties engineering are forecast.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2291,

title = {2291. Affordable Weight Control in Today's Market},

author = {J W Rudder},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2291},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-06-01},

booktitle = {55th Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, June 3-5},

pages = {23},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Atlanta, Georgia},

abstract = {The main purpose of this paper is to show an affective way to use a (MPEG) Mass Properties Engineering Group in today' s product design market. A group that will increase the weight control capabilities of the design contractor. The result is an affordable support function with many long term benefits to the company. The current mass properties profession has taken a sharp hit in staffing due to 1) the high efficiency / low manpower trend in support groups and 2) the technological advancement in Computer Aided Design modeling. Typically the mass properties engineering group is trained to follow a product with a small staff that is divided between 1) engineers that predict future design from a base production design and 2) technicians that calculate mass properties on production hardware early in the program. The mass properties technicians are now required to only bookkeep the weight, CG, moments of inertia, and material properties that the computer design program calculates for production components. This reduces the need for the technicians that are trained to follow these components. Though the reduction in overhead initially benefits the designer, a higher level of affordable weight control can be profitable to the company by reallocating the capabilities of the mass properties engineering group. In today' s high technology and low budget engineering market, there is a huge focus on reducing product redesign and testing cost. This is achieved by maximizing the effectiveness of the conceptual and preliminary design, which requires data from experienced and resourceful support group in a rapid and useful format. So the answer is not to reduce, but to retrain the current staff and increase the capabilities of the group by focusing the personnel support to the advanced product design programs. The increase in well-trained support will eliminate the shortfalls in mass property information and will support the optimum performance-to-weight product design. The results will reduce the design, project, management and support manpower required on product redesigns caused by insufficient coverage in the conceptual and preliminary design phases. The focus of the new affordable mass properties engineering group is weight control, not weight bookkeeping, It is interfaced with all facets of engineering (Design, Performance, Structures, Materials, Cost, Reliability, Safety, Maintainability, Manufacturing, and Advanced Technologies) and can predict the mass property impacts of all requirement changes in any of the design disciplines. It will challenge all robust design methods and keep over-design to a minimum. It will update the design team on all weight reduction technologies and the weight benefits for the product. Finally, it will reduce errors and increase response time with the same manpower and tools. This is the required mass properties engineering group for today' s market and this paper will show the path of improvement that will achieve affordable weight control.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2318,

title = {2318. Implications of Specification and Standard Reform for the Weight Engineer},

author = {N J Donaldson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2318},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-06-01},

booktitle = {55th Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, June 3-5},

pages = {10},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Atlanta, Georgia},

abstract = {This paper is a review of current acquisition reform initiatives within the Department of Defense and the implications of those initiatives for the Weight Engineer. The major themes of ongoing acquisition reform are identified. The affect of these reforms on the work of the Mass Properties Engineer is examined. The reform process is moving from detail (how to) specifications written in terms of Military Specifications and Standards and to performance (what) specifications which state the expected capabilities of the product. Coupled with the change in specifications is a reduction of oversight and an increase in insight. This insight is gained by dialogue between the government and the contractor within Integrated Product Teams. Commercial products and processes are allowed under the reform provisions. The Contractor is vested with more design change initiative. As a result of these reforms, it is expected that the weight engineer' s work will be more rewarding and more challenging.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2262,

title = {2262. How to Waste Money While Trying to Save Money Or Downsizing Mass Properties and Then Failing the Flight Test},

author = {Richard Boynton},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2262},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-05-01},

booktitle = {54th Annual Conference, Huntsville, Alabama, May 22-24},

pages = {6},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Huntsville, Alabama},

abstract = {Dick Boynton sounds off about the systematic destruction of many mass properties departments in the aerospace industry. He gives some recommendations to the management of aerospace companies, which he respectfully hopes they will consider. Although this article is written in his usual blunt, tactless, shoot-from-the-hip style that leaves no prisoners, he is deadly serious about the implications of the current downsizing trend: the day may soon come when the mass properties departments in many companies no longer exist.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2263,

title = {2263. Army Aviation and the Mass Properties Engineer},

author = {N J Donaldson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2263},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-05-01},

booktitle = {54th Annual Conference, Huntsville, Alabama, May 22-24},

pages = {22},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Huntsville, Alabama},

abstract = {This paper is a review of past, present, and proposed acquisition practices of the US Army. The effect of these practices on the work of the mass properties engineer is examined. The scope of this paper is limited to typical Army rotary wing aircraft. The trend in system acquisition is to provide increasingly more complex subsystems in satisfaction of more challenging missions. At the same time, there is a decreasing budget for new developments. The author suggests the standards, methods, and data requirements in weight engineering are conditioned by the culture of the acquisition process. Initiatives in acquisition reform such as the use of commercial specifications and standards are examined. The potential exists for cooperation between government and industry that is cost effective and supports the work of the Mass Properties Engineer.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1495,

title = {1495. Predicting Weight Control Program Success},

author = {S J Hutchinson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1495},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-05-01},

booktitle = {41st Annual Conference, San Jose, California, May 17-19},

pages = {22},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {San Jose, California},

abstract = {The principal task of the Weight Organization is to know the weight status of the project at all times and also be able to assess the likelihood of achieving the weight requirement specified in the contract. The initial predictive model presented in this paper will provide a quantitative measure of probable weight control program success. The weight prediction of the initial aircraft is based on the current weight estimate, identified weight hazards, potential weight reduction, future weight hazards due to problems not yet identified and the variance for each weight input. Each of these factors is incorporated into a predictive model that provides a probability distribution of the first weight.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1496,

title = {1496. Mass Properties Methodology - Yesterday, Tomorrow....??},

author = {J McLaughlin},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1496},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-05-01},

booktitle = {41st Annual Conference, San Jose, California, May 17-19},

pages = {15},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {San Jose, California},

abstract = {During my 48 years working in the engineering/design field of the airplane business I have witnessed and experienced the voluminous changes t h a t have taken place in the approaches to designing airborne vehicles and the methods used by each engineering discipline involved in that process. 

There can be no argument t h a t the sole purpose for designing and building an airborne vehicle is to carry a useful load. Useful; whether it regularly provides monetary reward; or whether iits purpose will eventually prove to be beneficial to mankind. 

In our profession of Weight and Balance Control and Mass Properties Engineering there are two fundamental questions we should constantly be asking ourselves. (1) How much do we know and is it enough?, (2) If there is need for improvement - how do we achieve it ? 

In an attempt to have you think of answers t o those questions I will approach it this way.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1424,

title = {1424. Behavior Modification in Supervision and Management},

author = {Y P Dr. Manchanda},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1424},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-05-01},

booktitle = {40th Annual Conference, Dayton, Ohio, May 4-7},

pages = {18},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Dayton, Ohio},

abstract = {Behavior is defined as the aggregate of observable responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli. 

From systems approach, in trying to achieve a goal, the observable action taken by a person to satisfy needs 

and wants or relieve tensions and discomforts is called behavior. Depending upon the level of goal achievement 

and the initial environments, the same observable action is repeated or avoided. This change is called the 

process of learning. 

In behavioral science there are two general approaches for human learning - cognitive and connectionists.},

keywords = {16. Weight Engineering - Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}